Apparent size 1.7 by 1.1 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1051 (Stephan list IX (per Steinicke, actually list XI (#5)), 1860 RA 02 34 08, NPD 97 32.2) is "extremely faint, a little extended northwest and southeast, attached star to northwest" (the star is actually to the northeast, and the galaxy is extended northeast and southwest, but since telescopes usually reverse images in one way or another, this confusion of direction is a very common error). The position precesses to RA 02 41 03.2, Dec -06 56 03, right on the galaxy, so the identification is certain (despite this, the galaxy is often referred to as NGC 961, which although the same object should not be given pride of place for several reasons, as discussed at that entry). Based on a recessional velocity of 1295 km/sec, NGC 1051 is about 60 million light years away, in good agreement with a single redshift-independent distance estimate of 52 million light years. Given that and its apparent size of 1.95 by 1.05 arcmin, the galaxy is about 35 thousand light years across.

Apparent size 2.8 by 2.0 arcmin. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type E4.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1053 (Swift list V (#37), 1860 RA 02 34 15, NPD 49 05.9) is "very faint, very small, a little extended, 3 or 4 stars in a line near". The position precesses to RA 02 43 09.8, Dec +41 30 06, right on a galaxy with a line of 3 stars just to its southwest, so the identification is certain. Apparent size 1.7 by 0.8 arcmin. Vr 4815 km/sec. This object was initially known only as NGC 1053, because NGC 1040 (which see for a discussion of the double listing) appeared to be "lost"; but since Reinmuth noted the equivalence of the two entries nearly a century ago, it is now referred to as NGC 1040 almost as often as NGC 1053.

Apparent size 0.4 by 0.2 arcmin. Vr unknown, so whether this is in any way connected to NGC 1053 (which see for images) is also unknown; and since neither galaxy shows any obvious signs of interaction, they are probably merely an optical double. Just as NGC 1053 is sometimes referred to as NGC 1040, PGC 213068 is sometimes referred to as NGC 1040-2.

Apparent size 0.9 by 0.5 arcmin.

Apparent size 7.6 by 2.7 arcmin. Probably a starburst galaxy, similar to M82. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type Sab sp.

Apparent size 2.4 by 1.1 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1057 (GC 595-6, the 3rd Lord Rosse, 1860 RA 02 34 36, NPD 58 06.4) is "very faint, double". The position precesses to RA 02 43 01.5, Dec +32 29 35, on a double star on the northwestern side of the galaxy listed above which caused its "double" appearance in the visual observations of the mid 1800's, so the identification is certain -- namely, NGC 1057 as originally observed was the double star plus the galaxy to its southeast. However, since the point of the NGC was to list nebulae and clusters, modern usage is to ignore the double star and treat only the galaxy as the NGC object. Apparent size 1.2 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 2.5 by 2.5 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1059 (GC 593 = JH 259, 1860 RA 02 34 45, NPD 72 35.5) is "extremely faint, hardly sure (d'Arrest not found)". The first Index Catalog adds "Not found by Burnham, who has a very faint nebula 68 seconds west and 12 arcmin south". The position precesses to RA 02 42 33.4, Dec +18 00 31, but given the uncertainty in the NGC/IC notes, it is hardly surprising that there is nothing there. Per Corwin, Reinmuth suggested that the double star an arcmin to the southeast of Herschel's position might be what Herschel observed, hence the identification and position listed above; but given Herschel's uncertainty about whether he actually observed anything at all, it is at least as likely that NGC 1059 should be treated as nonexistent.

Apparent size 2.3 by 1.7 arcmin. (for now, see the wide-angle view of NGC 1061)

Apparent size 0.9 by 0.6 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1062 (Copeland using the 3rd Lord Rosse's 72-inch telescope, 1860 RA 02 34 58, NPD 58 08.1) is "most extremely faint". The position precesses to RA 02 43 23.6, Dec +32 27 50, almost on a star to the southeast of NGC 1061 (which see for a wide-field image showing "NGC 1062"). In fact, per Corwin, Copeland's offsets from NGC 1961 point exactly at that star, and the only reason that the NGC position is a bit "off" is that Dreyer made an error in the position of a comparison star in doing his own reduction for the NGC; so there should be no doubt that the star is what Copeland mistook for an extremly faint nebulous object. However, as also noted by Corwin, some catalogs, undoubtedly trying to connect a truly nebulous object with the NGC entry, mistakenly assigned that listing to PGC 10331, so that galaxy, even though not the correct NGC 1062, is discussed immediately following this entry.

As discussed at the entry for NGC 1062, overzealous efforts to find a nebular object to assign to NGC 1062 (which is actually a star) led to PGC 10331 being mistakenly listed as that object in some catalogs, and the error still persists in places (for instance, in Wikisky). However, although PGC 10331 may be an interesting object in its own right, it is not an NGC object, let alone NGC 1062. Based on a recessional velocity of 4130 km/sec, PGC 10331 is about 190 million light years away, in good agreement with widely varying redshift-independent distance estimates of 155 to 250 million light years. Given that and its apparent size of 2.0 by 0.3 arcmin, it is about 165 thousand light years across.

Apparent size 1.4 by 0.5 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.1 by 1.0 arcmin.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7395 km/sec, NGC 1065 is about 345 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.6 by 0.6 arcmin, it is about 60 thousand light years across. (Note: LEDA and Wikisky mistakenly identify this object as also being IC 254, the fainter galaxy southwest of NGC 1065. The objects are correctly labeled in the images below.)

Apparent size 1.7 by 1.6 arcmin. (for now, see NGC 1067 for a wide-field image)

Apparent size 1.1 by 1.0 arcmin.

M77 is notable for having a bright central core which appears to be a typical spiral galaxy, surrounded by a much larger fainter outer region which, like our galaxy's halo, probably contains as much or more mass than the more obvious portion of the galaxy. Its Arp 37 classification as a spiral galaxy with faint companions appears to be a misinterpretation of bright star clouds which are part of the galaxy, as if they were separate galaxies. As seen in the images below, there are a number of faint outlying galaxies near M77, but they have no obvious relationship to it, and are probably background or foreground objects. Based on a recessional velocity of 1135 km/sec, the galaxy is about 55 million light years away, in fair agreement with redshift-independent distance estimates of 35 to 45 million light years. Given that and its apparent size of 7 by 6 arcmin, it is about 110 thousand light years across. Also known to be a Seyfert galaxy (type Sy 2). Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type (R)SA(rs)b.

Apparent size 1.4 by 0.9 arcmin.

Apparent size 2.3 by 1.9 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.2 by 0.5 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.5 by 0.5 arcmin. (The double listing, being due to an error by Javelle, will be discussed at IC 1837.)

Apparent size 4.9 by 4.3 arcmin. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type SB(rs)cd.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1074 (Leavenworth list I (#63), 1860 RA 02 36 35, NPD 106 53.8) is "extremely faint, very small, round". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 02 37 01. The corrected position precesses to RA 02 43 35.3, Dec -16 18 00, right on the galaxy, so the identification is certain. Apparent size 2.0 by 1.3 arcmin. A strange galaxy, consisting of a nearly normal core, surrounded by a broken ring-like structure.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1075 (Leavenworth list I (#64), 1860 RA 02 36 35, NPD 106 48.8) is "very faint, very small, brighter middle and nucleus". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 02 36 59. The corrected position precesses to RA 02 43 33.5, Dec -16 13 00, less than an arcmin south of the galaxy, and there is nothing else near, so the identification is certain. Apparent size 0.8 by 0.6 arcmin.

Apparent size 2.0 by 1.1 arcmin.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8965 km/sec, NGC 1077 is about 415 million light years away. It is probably physically associated with PGC 10465 (often referred to as NGC 1077B), and if so would be at the same distance (of perhaps 405 million light years). Given that and its apparent size of 1.3 by 0.8 arcmin, it is about 155 thousand light years across. Note: Mislabeled as NGC 1077B in Wikisky due to an error in the MCG and LEDA.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8530 km/sec, PGC 10465 is about 395 million light years away. It is probably physically associated with NGC 1077 (which see for images), and if so would be at the same distance (of perhaps 405 million light years). Given that and its apparent size of 0.5 by 0.4 arcmin, it is about 60 thousand light years across. Note: Mislabeled as NGC 1077A in Wikisky due to an error in the MCG and LEDA..

Apparent size 0.9 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 5.5 by 3.1 arcmin. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type (R₁R₂')SAB(rs)a.

Apparent size 1.1 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.6 by 0.6 arcmin.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8880 km/sec, NGC 1082 is about 415 million light years away. It is probably associated with SDSSJ024542.50-081059.0, in which case they would be at the same distance (of about 410 million light years). Given that and its apparent size of 0.95 by 0.7 arcmin, it is about 115 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8590 km/sec, SDSSJ024542.50-081059.0 is about 400 million light years away. It is probably associated with NGC 1082 (which see for images), in which case they would be at the same distance (of about 410 million light years). Given that and its apparent size of 0.6 by 0.45 arcmin, the galaxy is about 70 thousand light years across.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1083 (Swift list V (#43), 1860 RA 02 38 59, NPD 105 57.2) is "most extremely faint, pretty small, much extended, northwestern of 2" (with an erratum correcting that to the southwestern of 2), the other being NGC 1089. The position precesses to RA 02 45 35.1, Dec -15 21 40, about 1.5 arcmin west of the galaxy, but there is nothing else nearby and the galaxy is "much extended", so the identification is certain. Apparent size 2.5 by 0.55 arcmin.

Apparent size 2.8 by 1.4 arcmin. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type SA(s)c.

Apparent size 2.2 by 1.5 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.5 by 1.0 arcmin.

Apparent size 3.9 by 2.3 arcmin. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type SAB(rs)c.

Apparent size 1.0 by 0.6 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1089 (Swift list V (#44), 1860 RA 02 34 24, NPD 105 39.4) is "most extremely faint, small, round, southeastern of 2" (with an erratum correcting that to the northeastern of 2), the other being NGC 1083. Apparent size 0.9 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 3.9 by 1.8 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1091 (Leavenworth list I (#65), 1860 RA 02 39 35±, NPD 108 08.7) is "very faint, very small, round, suddenly brighter middle and nucleus. The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 02 38 51. Apparent size 0.9 by 0.6 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1092 (Leavenworth list I (#66), 1860 RA 02 39 35±, NPD 108 08.7) is "very faint, very small, round, suddenly brighter middle and nucleus." The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 02 38 58 and adds "(the brighter)". Apparent size 0.9 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.4 by 1.0 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.3 by 1.0 arcmin.

Apparent size 1.3 by 0.8 arcmin.

Apparent size 2.0 by 1.8 arcmin.

Based on a recessional velocity of 1270 km/sec, NGC 1097 is about 60 million light years away, well within the range of redshift-independent distance estimates of 45 to 90 million light years. Recent estimates have tended to cluster around values between 45 and 50 million light years, so I have adopted that as the distance for calculations, in which case the galaxy's apparent size of 9.4 by 6.6 arcmin corresponds to about 125 thousand light years.
    NGC 1097 has an exceptionally bright central core, hence its designation as a Seyfert galaxy (type Sy 1). Particularly in the (false-color) infrared image at the bottom the core shines as brightly as the rest of the galaxy, perhaps due to a beam of radiation from a supermassive black hole, emitted perpendicular to the plane of the clouds of gas and dust in the galaxy's disk, and because of the galaxy's orientation, in our direction. The ESO closeup of the central 5500 light years shows hundreds of star clusters surrounding the central core, 'feeding' its black hole with gas blown outwards as their hot stars form and die. Used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxy Types as an example of galaxy type (R₁')SB(rs)b pec.

Based on a recessional velocity of 1368 km/sec, PGC 10479 would be a little over 60 million light years away; but it is generally believed to be associated with NGC 1097, and if so must share its approximately 45 to 50 million light years distance. Given that and its apparent size 0.8 by 0.5 arcmin, PGC 10479 is about 12 thousand light years across.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1098 (Leavenworth list I (#67), 1860 RA 02 40 35, NPD 108 16.7) is "faint, very small, round, brighter middle and nucleus, 1st of 3", the others being NGC 1099 and 1100. The first Index Catalog lists a corrected position (per Ormond Stone) of RA 02 38 23, NPD 108 13.7. Apparent size 1.7 by 1.3 arcmin.

Per Dreyer, NGC 1099 (Leavenworth list I (#68), 1860 RA 02 40 35, NPD 108 18.7) is "faint, pretty small, a little extended, brighter middle and nucleus, 2nd of 3", the others being NGC 1098 and 1100. The first Index Catalog lists a corrected position (per Ormond Stone) of RA 02 38 48, NPD 108 18.1. Apparent size 1.9 by 0.6 arcmin.