Celestial Atlas
(NGC 6950 - 6999) ←NGC Objects: NGC 7000 - 7049→ (NGC 7050 - 7099)
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7000, 7001, 7002, 7003, 7004, 7005, 7006, 7007, 7008, 7009, 7010, 7011, 7012, 7013, 7014, 7015, 7016,
7017, 7018, 7019, 7020, 7021, 7022, 7023, 7024, 7025, 7026, 7027, 7028, 7029, 7030, 7031, 7032, 7033,
7034, 7035, 7036, 7037, 7038, 7039, 7040, 7041, 7042, 7043, 7044, 7045, 7046, 7047, 7048, 7049

Page last updated Aug 22, 2023 (Added Caldwell & other IDs for NGC 7009)
Page last updated Aug 16, 2023 (Added Caldwell & other IDs for NGC 7006)
Last prior update: Updated and completed entry for NGC 7027 to take advantage of new HST images
Need to re-check all in next line
Checked 2018 Corwin's positions, Steinicke 2017 database updates, Dreyer NGC entries
Checked all other historical references
WORKING 7007: Check historical identifications, add images (for easy identifications)
NEXT: Check historical identifications for problematic entries, add images
NEXT: Update/add physical information for all entries

SEE CORWIN'S EXTENSIVE DISCUSSION
NGC 7000, The North America Nebula
(=
C20 = "PGC 3517689")
Discovered (Oct 24, 1786) by William Herschel
Also observed (Aug 21, 1829) by John Herschel
A magnitude 5.0 emission nebula in Cygnus (RA 20 59 22, Dec +44 26 48)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7000 (= GC 4621 = JH 2096 = WH V 37?, 1860 RA 20 53 48, NPD 46 13.1) is "faint, most extremely large, diffuse nebulosity".
Historical Notes: Corwin also notes William Herschel's position for the bright, southernmost part of the nebula as RA 20 58 21, Dec +43 23 54.
Note About PGC Designation: As usual for NGC objects, HyperLEDA added a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but also as usual in such circumstances, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: One of the most famous bright nebulae in the heavens, the North America Nebula is shaped very much like its namesake. Despite its relative brightness, its large size and low surface brightness make it undetectable with the unaided eye except in very dark skies, and even then only by using special filters to increase the contrast of its line radiation. The North America and Pelican nebulae (IC 5070) are part of an approximately 100 light year wide ionized hydrogen region. Their shapes and apparent separation are due to clouds of obscuring dust lying between us and them. What star or stars are responsible for heating the gas has long been unknown. Recently, the 2MASS infrared telescope, concentrating on the area obscured by dust, has shown that there is a massive O-type star in the general area of the nebulae, which is the most likely source of their radiation. Estimates of the distance of the North America and Pelican nebulae vary considerably, ranging from as little as 1500 light years to as much as 2200 light years.
Luc Viator image of NGC 7000, the North America Nebula, and IC 5070, the Pelican Nebula
Above, a ? arcmin wide image of NGC 7000, the North America Nebula, and IC 5070, the Pelican Nebula
(Image Credit & © Luc Viatour GFDL/CC; used by permission)

NGC 7001 (= PGC 65905)
Discovered (Jul 21, 1827) by
John Herschel
Also observed (Sep 26, 1891) by Rudolf Spitaler
A magnitude 12.9 spiral galaxy (type Sab?) in Aquarius (RA 21 01 07.8, Dec -00 11 43)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7001 (= GC 4622 = JH 2095, 1860 RA 20 53 55, NPD 90 44.6) is "extremely faint, small, extended 0°". The first IC adds "7001 is pretty bright, according to Spitaler". The position precesses to RA 21 01 06.4, Dec -00 11 53, on the western rim of the galaxy listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.3 by 1.05 arcmin (from the images below).
SDSS image of region near spiral galaxy NGC 7001
Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 7001
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy
SDSS image of spiral galaxy NGC 7001

NGC 7002 (= PGC 66009)
Discovered (Sep 30, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 12.4 elliptical galaxy (type E2?) in Indus (RA 21 03 44.8, Dec -49 01 47)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7002 (= GC 4623 = JH 3848, 1860 RA 20 53 57, NPD 139 35.0) is "considerably faint, considerably small, round, brighter middle". The position precesses to RA 21 03 42.0, Dec -49 02 06, just outside the southwestern border of the galaxy listed above, the description fits and there is nothing comparable nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.75 by 1.45 arcmin (from the images below). The galaxy to the southwest (PGC 3935314) may be a companion of NGC 7002, as their recessional velocities only differ by 350 km/sec, or they may not have any physical relationship, since that difference in recessional velocity could correspond to a difference in distance of more than 15 million light years.
DSS image of region near elliptical galaxy NGC 7002, also showing NGC 7004
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7002, also showing NGC 7004
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy, also showing PGC 3935314
DSS image of elliptical galaxy NGC 7002, also showing PGC 3935314

"PGC 3935314" (= 2MASX J21034127-4902128)
Not an NGC object but listed here since it may be a companion of
NGC 7002
A magnitude 16.5(?) lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Indus (RA 21 03 41.2, Dec -49 02 13)
Designation Note: Although listed in LEDA as PGC 3935314, a search of the database for that designation returns no result; instead, both the LEDA and NED databases use the 2MASX designation.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.25 by 0.15 arcmin (from the image below). PGC 3935314 may be a companion of NGC 7002, as their recessional velocities only differ by 350 km/sec, or they may not have any physical relationship, since that difference in recessional velocity could correspond to a difference in distance of more than 15 million light years.
DSS image of lenticular galaxy PGC 3935314, a possible (albeit somewhat unlikely) companion of NGC 7002
Above, a 0.5 arcmin wide DSS image of PGC 3935314; for wider-field images, see NGC 7002

NGC 7003 (= PGC 65887)
Discovered (Aug 26, 1864) by
Heinrich d'Arrest
A magnitude 13.0 spiral galaxy (type Sbc?) in Delphinus (RA 21 00 42.4, Dec +17 48 18)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7003 (= GC 5982, d'Arrest, 1860 RA 20 54 09, NPD 72 44.5) is "very faint, very small, a little extended, 15th magnitude star close to east". The position precesses to RA 21 00 37.0, Dec +17 48 12, about 1.3 arcmin west southwest of the galaxy listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.1 by 0.75 arcmin (from the images below).
SDSS image of region near spiral galaxy NGC 7003
Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 7003
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy
SDSS image of spiral galaxy NGC 7003

NGC 7004 (= PGC 66019)
Discovered (Oct 2, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 12.8 lenticular galaxy (type SB0/a?) in Indus (RA 21 04 02.2, Dec -49 06 51)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7004 (= GC 4624 = JH 3849, 1860 RA 30 54 14, NPD 139 40.5) is "extremely faint, round, a little brighter middle, 11th magnitude star to east" (the NGC RA is a printing error; it should be 20 54 14). The position precesses to RA 21 03 59.3, Dec -49 07 33, only 0.8 arcmin southwest of the galaxy listed above, the description fits (Herschel could only have seen the more or less round nucleus of the galaxy) and there is nothing else nearby save for NGC 7002, which was also observed by Herschel, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.2 by 0.5 arcmin (from the images below).
DSS image of region near lenticular galaxy NGC 7004, also showing NGC 7002
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7004, also showing NGC 7002
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy
DSS image of lenticular galaxy NGC 7004

NGC 7005
Discovered (Aug 23, 1855) by
Heinrich d'Arrest
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe
A group of stars in Aquarius (RA 21 01 58.5, Dec -12 52 59)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7005 (= GC 5983, d'Arrest, 1860 RA 20 54 16, NPD 103 25.8) is "a cluster, small, poor (nebulous?)". The second IC notes (per Howe) "No nebulosity" (his paper also states that it is merely a coarse cluster, with the 3 brightest stars being of magnitude 9). The position precesses to RA 21 01 57.5, Dec -12 53 00, within the triangle formed by the three brightest members of the group of stars listed above, the description fits and there is nothing similar nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 3.8 by 1.8 arcmin (from the images below).
DSS image of region near the group of stars listed as NGC 7005
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7005
Below, a 6 arcmin wide DSS image of the group
DSS image of the group of stars listed as NGC 7005

NGC 7006
(=
C42 = GCL 119 = PGC 2802700)
Discovered (Aug 21, 1784) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 11, 1825) by John Herschel
A magnitude 10.6 globular cluster (type I) in Delphinus (RA 21 01 29.2, Dec +16 11 16)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7006 (= GC 4625 = JH 2097 = WH I 52, 1860 RA 20 54 58, NPD 74 21.5) is "bright, pretty large, round, gradually brighter middle". The position precesses to RA 21 01 30.3, Dec +16 11 19, well within the outline of the cluster listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 3.6 arcmin (from the images below). Distance about 135,000 light years, in the outer fringes of the Milky Way (that is, in its halo). (The 3.2 arcmin wide HST image shows the inner 125 light years.)
SDSS image of region near globular cluster NGC 7006
Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 7006
Below, a 6 arcmin wide SDSS image of the cluster
SDSS image of globular cluster NGC 7006
Below, a 3.2 arcmin wide HST image of the cluster (Image Credit ESA/Hubble & NASA)
HST image of globular cluster NGC 7006

WORKING HERE: Taking care of undeniable historical identifications, pix

NGC 7007 (= PGC 66069)
Discovered (Jul 8, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 12.0 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Indus (RA 21 05 27.9, Dec -52 33 07)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7007 (= GC 4626 = JH 3850, 1860 RA 20 55 23, NPD 143 06.1) is "pretty bright, small, round, pretty suddenly brighter middle, among stars". The position precesses to RA 21 05 27.4, ec -52 32 58, well within the outline of the galaxy listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.0 by 1.2? arcmin
DSS image of region near lenticular galaxy NGC 7007
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7007
Below, a ? arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy
DSS image of lenticular galaxy NGC 7007

NGC 7008 (= P-K 093+05.2 = "PGC 3517818")
Discovered (Oct 14, 1787) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 24, 1829) by John Herschel
A magnitude 10.7 planetary nebula in Cygnus (RA 21 00 32.8, Dec +54 32 35)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7008 (= GC 4627 = JH 2099 = WH I 192, 1860 RA 20 56 28, NPD 35 59.8) is "considerably bright, large, extended 45°±, mottled but not resolved, double star attached".
PGC Designation Note: For purposes of completeness, LEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; however, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so the designation is shown quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.43 arcmin?
Combination of a Misti Mountain Observatory image of region near planetary nebula NGC 7008 with a DSS background
Above, a 12 arcmin wide composite image centered on NGC 7008 (Misti Mountain image on a DSS background)
(Image Credit & © above and below Jim Misti, Misti Mountain Observatory; used by permission)
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide Misti Mountain image of the planetary nebula
Misti Mountain Observatory image of planetary nebula NGC 7008

NGC 7009, the Saturn Nebula
(=
C55 = PK 037-34.1 = "PGC 3163156" = HD 200516)
Discovered (Sep 7, 1782) by William Herschel
Also observed (before 1801) by Joseph Lalande
Also observed (1825) by Wilhelm Struve
Also observed (Sep 9, 1825) by John Herschel
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 8.0 planetary nebula in Aquarius (RA 21 04 10.8, Dec -11 21 48)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7009 (= GC 4628 = JH 2098 = WH IV 1, Lalande 40765, 1860 RA 20 56 33, NPD 101 54.9) is "a magnificent or otherwise interesting object, a planetary nebula, very bright, small, elliptic". The position precesses to RA 21 04 10.5, Dec -11 21 46, essentially dead center on the nebula listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Discovery Note: Lalande's observation was one of a number of cases in which his star catalog (published in 1801, and compiled during the previous decade) included objects that were not actually stars, but starlike nebulae, and two observations of Neptune made on May 8 and May 10 of 1795 (just over 51 years before its discovery as a planet). Though not noted by Dreyer, Howe later added "This planetary nebula is but slightly elliptical, being perhaps 15" by 11", the major axis having a position angle of about 70°. The colour is a beautiful greenish blue."
PGC Designation Note: For purposes of completeness, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; however, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so the designation is shown quotes.
Physical Information: The distance of NGC 7009 is uncertain (as is true for most planetary nebulae). The best recent estimate is about 5200 light years, but earlier values are as low as 3900 light years. (The press release for the HST image shown below gives a distance of 1400 light years, but that must be a typographical error for 1400 parsecs, which is about 4500 light years). Based on an approximate distance of 5000 light years, the apparent size of the central nebula (about 0.5 by 0.2 arcmin) corresponds to about 0.7 to 0.75 light years, and the overall size of the nebula (about 1.0 by 0.85 arcmin including the outer nearly circular structures, all sizes taken from the images below) corresponds to about 1.45 light years. The central star is a hot (about 100,000 Fahrenheit degrees) white dwarf of apparent magnitude 11.5. The ESO study of the nebula shows a dramatic drop in the spatial density of dust grains at the rim of the elliptical inner structure, which is a shock wave associated with the last stage of the star's transformation from a red giant into a white dwarf. It is thought that as the shock wave expands, its interaction with dust grains in the surrounding nebula vaporizes them; but further study may provide alternate explanations for the phenomenon.
Observatorio Antilhue image of NGC 7009, the Saturn Nebula, superimposed on a DSS background image of region near the planetary nebula
Above, a 12 arcmin wide composite image centered on NGC 7009 (Image below on a DSS background)
(Image Credit & © above & below Daniel Verschatse, Observatorio Antilhue, Chile; used by permission)
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide image of the planetary nebula
Observatorio Antilhue image of planetary nebula NGC 7009, the Saturn Nebula
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide image of the nebula (Image Credit ESO/J. Walsh)
HST image of planetary nebula NGC 7009, the Saturn Nebula
Below, a 0.85 arcmin wide HST image of the nebula (North at upper right to allow for more detail)
(Image Credit B. Balick (U. Washington) et al., WFPC2, HST, NASA)
HST image of planetary nebula NGC 7009, the Saturn Nebula

SEE CORWIN'S NOTES FOR N7010 AND I5082
NGC 7010 (=
IC 5082 = PGC 66039)
Discovered (Aug 6, 1823) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 7010)
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe (while listed as NGC 7010)
Discovered (Aug 27, 1886) by Guillaume Bigourdan (and later listed as IC 5082)
A magnitude 13.0 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0 pec?) in Aquarius (RA 21 04 39.5, Dec -12 20 18)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7010 (= GC 4629 = JH 2100, 1860 RA 20 57 06, NPD 103 03.1) is "extremely faint, pretty large, round, mottled but not resolved". The second IC adds (per Howe) "RA 20 56 59, NPD 102 53.5, extremely faint, small, round, a little brighter middle".
Discovery Note: Howe stated that he could not find Herschel's nebula at the stated place, but that there was a nebula 10 arcmin to the north that was a good match to Herschel's description; hence the IC2 correction by Dreyer.
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.9 by 1.0 arcmin?

SEE CORWIN'S NOTES
NGC 7011, the "Mini Hyades"
Discovered (Sep 19, 1829) by
John Herschel
A group of stars in Cygnus (RA 21 01 49.5, Dec +47 21 14)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7011 (= GC 4630 = JH 2101, 1860 RA 20 57 08, NPD 43 13.8) is "a cluster, no description". The position above is Corwin's position for the core of the cluster, but he lists the center of the group as RA 21 01 43, Dec +47 20 12.
Physical Information: Apparent size 4 arcmin?

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE ABOUT THE 7 BRIGHTEST GALAXIES
NGC 7012 (= PGC 66116)
Discovered (Jul 1, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 12.6 elliptical galaxy (type E5?) in Microscopium (RA 21 06 45.5, Dec -44 48 53)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7012 (= GC 4631 = JH 3851, 1860 RA 20 57 21, NPD 135 22.2) is "faint, pretty large, extended, very gradually a very little brighter middle, star to west".
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.4 by 1.3? arcmin
Corwin lists various companions at (to the east southeast) at RA 21 06 54.7, Dec -44 49 35,
(far to the east) at RA 21 06 56.6, Dec -44 49 14,
(to the northeast) at RA 21 06 48.1, Dec -44 48 36,
(near to the east) at RA 21 06 49.3, Dec -44 49 00,
(to the southeast) at RA 21 06 51.4, Dec -44 49 34
and (to the northwest) at RA 21 06 28.9, Dec -44 47 21

NGC 7013 (= PGC 66003)
Discovered (Jul 17, 1784) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 15, 1828) by John Herschel
A magnitude 11.3 lenticular galaxy (type S0/a?) in Cygnus (RA 21 03 33.5, Dec +29 53 51)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7013 (= GC 4632 = JH 2102 = WH II 203, 1860 RA 20 57 38, NPD 60 39.3) is "pretty bright, considerably small, round, pretty suddenly brighter middle, pretty bright star to northwest".
Physical Information: Apparent size 4.0 by 1.4? arcmin

NGC 7014 (= PGC 66153)
Discovered (Oct 2, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 12.4 elliptical galaxy (type E2?) in Indus (RA 21 07 52.2, Dec -47 10 44)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7014 (= GC 4633 = JH 3852, 1860 RA 20 58 18, NPD 137 44.7) is "pretty faint, small, round, brighter middle, 2 stars of 12th magnitude to north".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.7 by 1.4? arcmin

NGC 7015 (= PGC 66076)
Discovered (Sep 29, 1878) by
Édouard Stephan
Also observed (Sep 11, 1885) by Lewis Swift
A magnitude 12.5 spiral galaxy (type Sbc?) in Equuleus (RA 21 05 37.4, Dec +11 24 51)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7015 (Stephan list IX (#26), Swift list II (#87), 1860 RA 20 58 53, NPD 79 08.6) is "very faint, pretty small, gradually a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.8 by 1.6? arcmin

NGC 7016 (= PGC 66136)
Discovered (Jul 8, 1885) by
Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 13.7 elliptical galaxy (type E1?) in Capricornus (RA 21 07 16.3, Dec -25 28 08)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7016 (Leavenworth list I (#237), 1860 RA 20 59 15, NPD 116 03.1) is "very faint, extremely small, round, brighter middle and nucleus, 1st of 3", the others being NGC 7017 and 7018. The second IC lists a corrected position (per Howe) of RA 20 59 04, NPD 116 01.8.
Physical Information: NGC 7016 is the brightest member of the NGC 7016 group of galaxies, which includes at least the nearer member of the apparent double NGC 7017, the two members of NGC 7018, and PGC 69143. Based on a recessional velocity of 11045 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates a distance of about 515 million light years; but for objects at that distance we should take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took their light to reach us. (This is of course a consideration for all the members of the NGC 7016 group.) Doing that shows that the galaxy was just under 495 million light years away at the time the light by which we see it was emitted, a little over 500 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the intervening space during the light-travel time). Given that and its apparent size of 1.0 by 0.9 arcmin, NGC 7016 is about 140 thousand light years across.
DSS image of region near elliptical galaxy NGC 7016, the namesake of the NGC 7016 galaxy group
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7016, also showing NGC 7017, 7018, and PGC 66149
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy, also showing NGC 7017
DSS image of elliptical galaxy NGC 7016, the namesake of the NGC 7016 galaxy group

WORKING HERE: Verify PGC designations

NGC 7017 (= PGC 66137 + PGC 2793723)
Discovered (Jul 8, 1885) by
Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe
A galaxy pair in Capricornus
PGC 2793723? = A magnitude 13.8 spiral galaxy (type S??) at RA 21 07 20.2, Dec -25 29 15
PGC 66137? = A 15th-magnitude lenticular galaxy (type S0/a?) at RA 21 07 21.0, Dec -25 29 16
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7017 (Leavenworth list I (#238), 1860 RA 20 59 15, NPD 116 03.1) is "extremely faint, very small, round, brighter middle and nucleus, 2nd of 3", the others being NGC 7016 and 7018. The second IC lists a corrected position (per Howe) of RA 20 59 08, NPD 116 02.8.
Physical Information: NGC 7017 is comprised of a pair of galaxies, NGC 7017 NED01 (= PGC 2793723), and NGC 7017 NED02 (= PGC 66137). The former has a recessional velocity of 10385 km/sec, while the latter has a recessional velocity of 12890 km/sec, suggesting that they are not actually physically associated, but merely an optical double (the 2505 km/sec difference in recessional velocity corresponding to a difference in distance of more than 100 million light years). The western (and nearer) galaxy is a member of the NGC 7016 galaxy group, but the eastern (and more distant) galaxy is not. The apparent size of the pair is about 0.6 by 0.5? arcmin. (More to follow, including distances calculated using relativistic corrections.)
DSS image of the galaxy pair NGC 7017 (actually an optical double), the nearer of which is a member of the NGC 7016 galaxy group
Above, a 0.9 arcmin wide DSS image of NGC 7017 (see NGC 7016 for a wide-field view)

NGC 7018 (= PGC 66141 = PGC 93985)
Discovered (Jul 8, 1885) by
Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (Sep to Dec 1897) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 13.4 elliptical galaxy (type E4? pec) in Capricornus (RA 21 07 25.3, Dec -25 25 43) Corwin lists the eastern component at RA 21 07 25.6, Dec -25 25 43
and the western component at RA 21 07 24.9, Dec -25 25 45
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7018 (Leavenworth list I (#239), 1860 RA 20 59 15, NPD 116 01.1) is "very faint, very small, very little extended, gradually a little brighter middle, 3rd of 3", the others being NGC 7016 and 7017. The second IC lists a corrected position (per Howe) of RA 20 59 13, NPD 115 59.3. Part of the NGC 7016 group of galaxies.
Physical Information: A double system consisting of NGC 7018 NED01 and NED02 (each PGC listing refers to the pair, not to either individual galaxy). Recessional velocity for NED01 is 11695 km/sec, for NED02 11515 km/sec. Apparent size 1.3 by 0.8? arcmin, but with an extended envelope about 2 arcmin across. (More to follow)
DSS image of galaxy pair NGC 7018, a member of the NGC 7016 galaxy group
Above, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of NGC 7018; for a wide-field view, see NGC 7016

PGC 66149
Not an NGC object but listed here because part of the
NGC 7016 galaxy group
A 15th-magnitude spiral galaxy (type Sa?) in Capricornus (RA 21 07 36.7, Dec -25 25 05)
Physical Information: Recessional velocity 11380 km/sec, apparent size 0.4 by 0.3? arcmin
DSS image of spiral galaxy PGC 66149, a member of the NGC 7016 galaxy group
Above, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of PGC 66149; for a wide-field view, see NGC 7016

NGC 7019 (= PGC 66107)
Discovered (1886) by
Francis Leavenworth
A magnitude 14.2 spiral galaxy (type SBb?) in Capricornus (RA 21 06 25.7, Dec -24 24 46)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7019 (Leavenworth list I (#240), 1860 RA 20 59±, NPD 114 58.1) is "very faint, very small, round, suddenly brighter middle and nucleus".
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.6 by 0.3? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE FOR 7021
NGC 7020 (=
NGC 7021 = PGC 66291)
Discovered (Jun 22, 1835) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 7021)
Discovered (Aug 31, 1836) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 7020)
A magnitude 11.8 lenticular galaxy (type SB0?) in Pavo (RA 21 11 20.1, Dec -64 01 31)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7020 (= GC 4635 = JH 3853, 1860 RA 20 59 39, NPD 154 35.8) is "pretty bright, considerably small, a little extended, pretty gradually brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 3.5 by 1.6? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7021 (=
NGC 7020 = PGC 66291)
Discovered (Jun 22, 1835) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 7021)
Not found (Jun 15, 1901) by DeLisle Stewart (while listed as NGC 7021)
Not found (Sep 19, 1903) by Royal Frost (while listed as NGC 7021)
Discovered (Aug 31, 1836) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 7020)
A magnitude 11.8 lenticular galaxy (type SB0?) in Pavo (RA 21 11 20.1, Dec -64 01 31)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7021 (= GC 4636 = JH 3854, 1860 RA 20 59 39, NPD 154 05.6) is "pretty faint, considerably small, round, pretty suddenly brighter middle, 7th or 8th magnitude star to west". The second IC notes "Not seen, DeLisle Stewart and Frost (h. one observation)", "h." being John Herschel. (Obviously not seen because JH's NPD was half a degree too far to the north.)
Discovery Notes: Stewart and Frost's comments were based on 4-hour wide-field photographic exposures. Stewart found no new nebulae on plate 5371, but stated that he could not find NGC 7021; while Frost found nine new nebulae on plate 6585, but also noted that he could not find NGC 7021. (Per Corwin) neither of them realized that the missing NGC 7021 might be a misrecorded duplicate observation of NGC 7020 (which lies 30 arcmin to the south of the NGC position for NGC 7021).
Physical Information: Given the duplicate entry, see NGC 7020 for anything else.

NGC 7022 (= PGC 66224)
Discovered (Oct 2, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 13.0 lenticular galaxy (type SB0?) in Indus (RA 21 09 35.2, Dec -49 18 13)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7022 (= GC 4637 = JH 3855, 1860 RA 20 59 45, NPD 139 52.2) is "most extremely faint, small, round, bright triple star to southeast".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.5 by 1.1? arcmin

NGC 7023, the Iris Nebula
(=
C4 = "PGC 3517690" = OCL 235 + LBN 487)
Discovered (Oct 18, 1794) by William Herschel
Photographed (date?) by Isaac Roberts
Photographed (1907) by Max Wolf
A magnitude 6.8 star, open cluster and emission nebula in Cepheus (RA 21 01 36.9, Dec +68 09 48)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7023 (= GC 4634 = WH IV 74, 1860 RA 20 59 51, NPD 22 23.3) is "a 7th magnitude star in an extremely faint, extremely large nebulosity." The position precesses to RA 21 01 36.8, Dec +68 09 53, almost dead center on the nebula listed above (and very close to the position of the star that lights it up, which is the position given in the description line), the description fits and there is nothing comparable nearby, so the identification is certain.
Discovery Note: Per Gottlieb, Wolf's photograph showed that there was a half-degree wide circle surrounding the nebula "absolutely empty of faint stars". This presumably represents the absorption nebulae surrounding the emission nebula (probably partly gas and dust ejected from the region early on, and now so far from the central star that it doesn't receive enough radiation to allow it to glow in visible wavelengths, as well as part of the extensive network of absorption nebulae in the region). Stars in front of the absorption nebula are visible and relatively bright, because they are close to us; the faint stars not seen by Wolf are background objects whose light is absorbed by the dust lying between us and them. Gottlieb also states that Roberts took an even earlier photograph of the void, but gives no date for that observation.
PGC Designation: As usual for NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but also as usual for such situations, a search of the database for the PGC designation returns no result, hence its being placed in quotes.
Physical Information: The star and open cluster associated with it are about 1300 light years away. The nebulosity is a reflection nebula, and like most reflection nebulae exhibits an even bluer color (due to light scattered by the dust in the nebula) than the hot, bluish star which lights it up. (The fanciful name of the nebula is based on its flowerlike shape and bluish tint.) Modern images also show extended dark clouds surrounding the emission nebula, which are primarily observed by the infrared radiation they emit. The open cluster is about 10 arcmin wide, which at its distance corresponds to about 3 light years, while the reflection nebula is about twice that size. The star which provides the main illumination for the nebula is HD 200775, a Be star (an emission-line star with a surface temperature between 20 and 40 thousand Fahrenheit degrees, so that most of its radiation is in the ultraviolet). The star is believed to still be contracting toward the Main Sequence, and is probably between 5 and 15 times the mass of the Sun. Its formation probably began about 100 thousand years ago, and it heated up and mostly blew away the gas and dust obscuring it (and now forming both the reflection and emission nebulae surrounding the star) about 5 thousand years ago. Once it reaches the Main Sequence it should last about a hundred million years before going supernova and becoming a neutron star (or perhaps a black hole).
PanSTARRS image of region near emission nebula NGC 7023
Above, a 1.2 degree wide PanSTARRS image centered on NGC 7023
Below, an image of the same region taken at Kitt Peak National Observatory
(Image Credit Adam Block/Steward Observatory/University of Arizona); used by permission
KPNO image of the Iris Nebula, NGC 7023, and the surrounding absorption nebulae
Below, a 20 arcmin wide PanSTARRS image centered on the nebula
PanSTARRS image of the Iris Nebula, NGC 7023
Below, a 20 arcmin wide image of the nebula and cluster (Image Credit Hunter Wilson)
Hunter Wilson image of NGC 7023, the Iris Nebula
Below, a 12 arcmin wide NOAO image of the nebula (Image Credit KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/Adam Block
NOAO image of part of NGC 7023, the Iris Nebula

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7024
Discovered (Oct 17, 1786) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 18, 1828) by John Herschel
A group of stars in Cygnus (RA 21 06 04.8, Dec +41 29 47)
Corwin lists this as two groups, NGC 7024 at RA 21 05 57, Dec +41 29 06,
and NGC 7024.1 at RA 21 07 05, Dec +41 32 18 (JH's position)
so need to go into historical identification in some detail
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7024 (= GC 4638 = JH 2103 = WH VIII 57, 1860 RA 21 00 46, NPD 49 04.0) is "a cluster, poor, a little compressed, stars from 10th magnitude".
Physical Information: Apparent size about 10 arcmin?

NGC 7025 (= PGC 66151)
Discovered (Sep 17, 1863) by
Albert Marth
A magnitude 12.8 spiral galaxy (type Sa?) in Delphinus (RA 21 07 47.3, Dec +16 20 09)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7025 (= GC 5984, Marth #433, 1860 RA 21 01 14, NPD 74 13) is "very faint, very small, round, stellar".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.9 by 1.2? arcmin

NGC 7026 (= P-K 089+00.1 = "PGC 3517819"), the "Cheeseburger Nebula"
Discovered (Jul 6, 1873) by
Sherburne Burnham
Discovered (Nov 18, 1880) by Ralph Copeland
A magnitude 10.9 planetary nebula in Cygnus (RA 21 06 18.6, Dec +47 51 07)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7026 (Burnham, 1860 RA 21 01 33, NPD 42 42.8) is "pretty bright, binuclear, planetary nebula". The position precesses to RA 21 06 21.1, Dec +47 50 50, which is close to the southeastern corner of the nebula; so the identification is certain.
PGC Designation Note: For purposes of completeness, LEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; however, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so the designation is shown quotes.
Physical Information: The brightest parts of NGC 7026 do have a binuclear appearance, which has led to its fanciful modern moniker; but the nebula is actually a much larger, more elongated structure than views of its brighter central region might lead one to suspect. NGC 7026 is about 6500 light years away. Given that and its 0.7 by 0.4 arcmin apparent size, its longest (north-south) dimension is a little over one light year.
Composite of DSS, HST and Chandra images of region near planetary nebula NGC 7026
Above, a 12 arcmin wide image centered on NGC 7026 (Composite of Chandra, HST and DSS images)
Below, a ? arcmin wide image of NGC 7026 (Image Credit Hubble Legacy Archive, partial postprocessing Hajian et al)
Partially processed HST image of planetary nebula NGC 7026
Below, a 2.4 arcmin closeup of the nebula (composite of Chandra, HST and DSS images)
Composite of DSS, HST and Chandra images of planetary nebula NGC 7026
Below, a 1.0 arcmin wide composite of visible and X-ray images of the nebula (Image Credit Chandra, HST)
Composite of HST and Chandra images of planetary nebula NGC 7026

NGC 7027 (= P-K 084-03.1 = "PGC 3517820"), the "Jewel Bug" Nebula
Discovered (1878) by
Édouard Stephan
Discovered (Nov 14, 1879) by Thomas Webb
A magnitude 8.5 planetary nebula in Cygnus (RA 21 07 01.6, Dec +42 14 10)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7027 (Stephan list IX (#27), Webb, 1860 RA 21 01 48, NPD 48 19.6) is "a planetary nebula, stellar = 8.5 magnitude". The position precesses to RA 21 07 01.7, Dec +2 14 06, almost dead center on the nebula listed above, the description fits and there is nothing comparable nearby, so the identification is certain.
PGC Designation Note: For purposes of completeness, LEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; however, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so the designation is shown quotes.
Physical Information: NGC 7027 is thought to be about 3000 light years away. Given that and its apparent size of about 1.1 by 1.0 arcmin for the outermost 'shells', about 0.3 by 0.25 arcmin for the most recent event and only about 0.2 arcmin for the central dust cloud (from the images below), the largest and oldest shell is about a light year across, while the newest one is only about a quarter of a light year in diameter, and the dust cloud spans less than a fifth of a light year (which is unusually small for any part of a planetary nebula, but is hardly surprising, since it is so "young" that it hasn't had enough time to expand to a larger size). Its small size and age makes this planetary exceptionally bright, for as they expand the gases in such nebulae become less dense and are also further from the source of their energy (namely, high-energy radiation from the central star(s), each of which facts reduces the gas' brightness.
 The overall nebula is unusully massive, with perhaps 3 solar masses in its multiple clouds of glowing gas, indicating that although the remaining stellar mass is only about 0.7 Solar masses, the original mass of the star that created the nebula was closer to 4 Solar masses. It is usually expected that such stars will end their lives as supernovae, but as shown by this object, if enough mass can be ejected prior to the star's final death throes, there is no reason that it cannot become a white dwarf instead. As noted in the next paragraph, there is a very good chance that the "star" is actually an extremely close binary. If so, it must have always been a binary, and as discussed on my page about Mass Transfer In Binary Star Systems, all sorts of interesting things can happen in such a situation.
 Most of the "earlier" shells expanding ino space are roughly spherical and symmetrical, suggesting typical bursts of gas emission; but the most recently ejected material (blown into space perhaps 600 years before the light by which we currently see it was emitted) has a far more complex structure, and includes not only hot gas but also large amounts of cool dust (as a result, most of the HST images are false-color composites of visible and infrared radiation). Two slightly different theories suggest that the latest outbust may be the result of the central "star" actually being an extremely close binary (perhaps even close enough that the two stars, now both white dwarfs, may share a common envelope), and that an accretion disk formed by material being transferred between them is (1) gradually causing them to spiral toward each other, thereby decreasing not only the size but also the period of their orbital motion, and also (2) causing an ejection of material in a more or less "polar" direction (that is, perpendicular to the orbital motion and the plane of the accretion disk). The central star (or stars) is/are about magnitude 16.3 (since they have collapsed to form white dwarfs as a result of the ejection of most of their mass, and the small size of such dwarfs makes them very faint).
DSS view of region centered on planetary nebula NGC 7027
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7027
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the nebula shows its size but no structural details
DSS closeup of planetary nebula NGC 7027
Below, a 2 arcmin wide PanSTARRS image has problems but shows some of the nebula's structure
DSS closeup of planetary nebula NGC 7027
Below, a 0.6 arcmin wide 1996 HST image reveals a complex structure (Image Credit H. Bond (STScI), NASA)
1996 HST closeup of planetary nebula NGC 7027
Below, a0.35 arcmin wide 1998 HST image shows more of the central detail
(Image Credit William B. Latter (SIRTF Science Center/Caltech), NASA/ESA)
HST/NICMOS closeup of planetary nebula NGC 7027
Below, a 0.75 arcmin 2020 HST image of the nebula (Image Credit NASA, ESA, J. Kastner (RIT))
2020HST image of planetary nebula NGC 7027
Below, a 0.375 arcmin wide version of the image above (Image Credit as above)
2020 HST closeup of central portion of planetary nebula NGC 7027

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7028
Recorded (Sep 17, 1863) by
Albert Marth
A lost or nonexistent object in Delphinus (RA 21 08 14?, Dec +18 28 48?)
Corwin lists two uncertain candidates (refer to them as part of historical discussion)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7028 (= GC 5985, Marth #434, 1860 RA 21 01 48, NPD 72 05) is "very faint, small, very little extended".

NGC 7029 (= PGC 66318)
Discovered (Oct 10, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 11.5 elliptical galaxy (type E6?) in Indus (RA 21 11 52.0, Dec -49 17 01)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7029 (= GC 4639 = JH 3856, 1860 RA 21 02 07, NPD 139 51.4) is "bright, considerably small, round, pretty gradually much brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.5 by 1.4? arcmin

NGC 7030 (= PGC 66283)
Discovered (Sep 3, 1885) by
Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (date?) by Ormond Stone
A magnitude 13.7 spiral galaxy (type SBab?) in Capricornus (RA 21 11 13.3, Dec -20 29 13)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7030 (Leavenworth list I (#241), 1860 RA 21 02 15, NPD 111 04.2) is "very faint, very small, irregularly round, brighter middle and nucleus". The first IC adds "Min of (1860) RA is 3 (Ormond Stone)".
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.9 by 0.7? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7031 (= OCL 210)
Discovered (Sep 21, 1788) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 8, 1829) by John Herschel
A magnitude 9.1 open cluster (type IV1p) in Cygnus (RA 21 07 12, Dec +50 52 30)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7031 (= GC 4640 = JH 2105 = WH VIII 74, 1860 RA 21 02 46, NPD 39 43.2) is "a cluster of triple stars, a little compressed".
Physical Information: Apparent size 15? arcmin

NGC 7032 (= PGC 66427)
Discovered (Jul 20, 1835) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 13.1 spiral galaxy (type Sc?) in Pavo (RA 21 15 22.9, Dec -68 17 16)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7032 (= GC 4641 = JH 3857, 1860 RA 21 02 47, NPD 158 52.0) is "very faint, considerably small, round, gradually a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.1 by 1.0? arcmin

NGC 7033 (= PGC 66228)
Discovered (Sep 17, 1863) by
Albert Marth
A magnitude 14.2 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Pegasus (RA 21 09 36.3, Dec +15 07 30)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7033 (= GC 5986, Marth #435, 1860 RA 21 03 02, NPD 75 27) is "very faint, small, round".
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.8 by 0.5? arcmin

NGC 7034 (= PGC 66227)
Discovered (Sep 17, 1863) by
Albert Marth
A magnitude 13.8 elliptical galaxy (type E3?) in Pegasus (RA 21 09 38.2, Dec +15 09 02)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7034 (= GC 5987, Marth #436, 1860 RA 21 03 04, NPD 75 25) is "very faint, very small, round".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.0 by 0.7? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE & CHECK GOTTLIEB'S OBSERVATIONS
NGC 7035 (= PGC 66258)
Discovered (1886) by
Frank Muller
A magnitude 14.2 lenticular galaxy (type SB0?) in Capricornus (RA 21 10 46.4, Dec -23 08 09)
Corwin lists this as a pair of objects at RA 21 10 47.3, Dec -23 08 14
and RA 21 10 45.5, Dec -23 08 06
(in other words, as the pair currently shown here as NGC 7035 and "NGC 7035A")
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7035 (Muller list II (#460), 1860 RA 21 03 15, NPD 113 39.2) is "extremely faint, small, irregularly round".
Warning About Non-Standard Designations: This galaxy is sometimes called NGC 7035, and sometimes NGC 7035A, while its companion is sometimes called NGC 7035A, and at others times NGC 7035B. This sort of confusion is a perfect example of why "letter" designations for NGC/IC objects should never be used.
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.0 by 0.7? arcmin
Corwin lists an apparent companion of PGC 66258 at RA 21 10 43.8, Dec -23 08 40 (so perhaps a triple system?)

PGC 66257 (= "NGC 7035A" or +NGC 7035B")
Not an NGC object but listed here since sometimes called NGC 7035A or NGC 7035B
Steinicke calls this 7035B, and the other galaxy 7035A, a typical problem with "letter" designations
OR PART OF NGC 7035 IF MULLER COULD HAVE SEEN BOTH OBJECTS (SEE CORWIN)
A magnitude 14.6 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in
Capricornus (RA 21 10 47.3, Dec -23 08 14)
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.6 by 0.4? arcmin

WORKING HERE: Checking Corwin's positions

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7036
Discovered (Oct 11, 1825) by
John Herschel
Three stars (magnitudes?) in Pegasus (RA 21 10 12.0, Dec +15 22 36)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7036 (= GC 4642 = JH 2104, 1860 RA 21 03 37, NPD 75 07.1) is "a cluster, a little compressed".
Corwin lists the positions of 3 nearby galaxies:
?? at RA 21 10 35.8, Dec +15 19 16
?? at RA 21 10 24.6, Dec +15 19 49
and ?? at RA 21 10 07.1, Dec +15 19 56

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7037
Discovered (Aug 5, 1829) by
John Herschel
A group of stars in Cygnus (RA 21 10 48.0, Dec +33 44 48) (Steinicke)
Corwin's position is RA 21 10 55, Dec +33 46 12
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7037 (= GC 4643 = JH 2106, 1860 RA 21 05 03, NPD 56 50.8) is "a cluster, pretty rich, irregular figure, stars from 11th to 15th magnitude".

NGC 7038 (= PGC 66414)
Discovered (Sep 30, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 11.6 spiral galaxy (type SBc?) in Indus (RA 21 15 07.5, Dec -47 13 14)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7038 (= GC 4644 = JH 3858, 1860 RA 21 05 39, NPD 137 47.8) is "pretty bright, pretty large, a little extended, gradually brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 3.1 by 1.4? arcmin

PGC 66421 (= "NGC 7038A")
Not an NGC object but listed here since sometimes called NGC 7038A
A magnitude 14.6 spiral galaxy (type SBc?) in
Indus (RA 21 15 14.9, Dec -47 36 44)
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.1 by 0.6? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7039 (= OCL 203)
Discovered (Sep 19, 1829) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 7.6 open cluster (type III2p) in Cygnus (RA 21 10 57, Dec +45 37 18)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7039 (= GC 4645 = JH 2107, 1860 RA 21 06 14, NPD 44 53.5) is "a cluster, very large, pretty rich, extended, stars from 10th magnitude".
Physical Information: Apparent size 15? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7040 (= PGC 66366)
Discovered (Aug 18, 1882) by
Mark Harrington
A magnitude 14.0 spiral galaxy (type S??) in Equuleus (RA 21 13 16.5, Dec +08 51 54)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7040 (Harrington, 1860 RA 21 06 21, NPD 81 43) is "extremely faint, very large, much extended north-south (A. N. 2479)".
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.9 by 0.8? arcmin

NGC 7041 (= PGC 66463)
Discovered (Jul 7, 1834) by
John Herschel
A magnitude 11.2 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Indus (RA 21 16 32.4, Dec -48 21 49)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7041 (= GC 4647 = JH 3859, 1860 RA 21 06 56, NPD 138 56.7) is "bright, considerably small, considerably extended, pretty suddenly much brighter middle, 10th magnitude star to east".
Physical Information: Apparent size 3.6 by 1.5? arcmin

PGC 66519 (= "NGC 7041A")
Not an NGC object but listed here since sometimes called NGC 7041A
A magnitude 14.1 spiral galaxy (type SBd?) in
Indus (RA 21 17 57.2, Dec -48 24 07)
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.6 by 1.4? arcmin

PGC 129672 (= "NGC 7041B")
Not an NGC object but listed here since sometimes called NGC 7041B
A magnitude 15.0 spiral galaxy (type S??) in
Indus (RA 21 17 49.5, Dec -48 23 26)
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.5 by 0.3? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7042 (= PGC 66378)
Discovered (Oct 16, 1784) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Aug 26, 1864) by Heinrich d'Arrest
Also observed (Nov 7, 1868) by Herman Schultz
A magnitude 12.0 spiral galaxy (type Sb?) in Pegasus (RA 21 13 45.8, Dec +13 34 30)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7042 (= GC 4646 = WH III 209, d'Arrest, Schultz, 1860 RA 21 07 05, NPD 77 00.0) is "very faint, small, round".
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.0 by 1.8? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7043 (= PGC 66385)
Discovered (Aug 18, 1863) by
Albert Marth
A magnitude 13.7 spiral galaxy (type SBa?) in Pegasus (RA 21 14 04.2, Dec +13 37 34)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7043 (= GC 5988, Marth #437, 1860 RA 21 07 23, NPD 76 57) is "very faint, small, round".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.3 by 1.0? arcmin

NGC 7044 (= OCL 198)
Discovered (Oct 17, 1786) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 1, 1828) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.0 open cluster (type II2r) in Cygnus (RA 21 13 09.0, Dec +42 29 42)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7044 (= GC 4648 = JH 2110 = WH VI 24, 1860 RA 21 07 45, NPD 48 04.7) is "a cluster, very faint, pretty large, very rich, very compressed, stars from 15th to 18th magnitude".
Physical Information: Apparent size 7? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7045
Recorded (Jul 16, 1827) by
John Herschel
Also observed (Nov 6, 1891) by Rudolf Spitaler
A pair of stars (magnitudes?) in Equuleus (RA 21 14 50.3, Dec +04 30 26)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7045 (= GC 4649 = JH 2108, 1860 RA 21 07 49, NPD 86 03.6) is "extremely faint". The first IC notes "7045 is not a nebula, but only a couple of very faint stars close together (Spitaler)".
Physical Information:

NGC 7046 (= PGC 66407)
Discovered (Oct 10, 1790) by
William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 13, 1827) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13.1 spiral galaxy (type SBc?) in Equuleus (RA 21 14 56.0, Dec +02 50 05)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7046 (= GC 4650 = JH 2109 = WH III 858, 1860 RA 21 07 53, NPD 87 44.3) is "extremely faint, pretty large, round, a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.9 by 1.4? arcmin

NGC 7047 (= PGC 66461)
Discovered (Aug 20, 1873) by
Édouard Stephan
A magnitude 13.4 spiral galaxy (type SBb?) in Aquarius (RA 21 16 27.6, Dec -00 49 35)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7047 (= GC 5989, Stephan list V (#5), 1860 RA 21 09 14, NPD 91 24.4) is "extremely faint, very small, binuclear east-west".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.2 by 0.7? arcmin

SEE CORWIN'S NOTE
NGC 7048 (= P-K 088-01.1 = "PGC 3517821")
Discovered (Oct 19, 1878) by
Édouard Stephan
A magnitude 12.1 planetary nebula in Cygnus (RA 21 14 15.2, Dec +46 17 18)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7048 (Stephan list IX (#28), 1860 RA 21 09 15 NPD 44 17.4) is "pretty faint, pretty large, diffuse, irregularly round, a very little brighter middle".
PGC Designation Note: For purposes of completeness, LEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; however, a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so the designation is shown quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 1? arcmin
NOAO image of region near planetary nebula NGC 7048, superimposed on a DSS background
Above, a 12 arcmin wide NOAO/DSS composite image centered on NGC 7048
(Image Credit above & below Richard Robinson and Beverly Erdman/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF)
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide NOAO image of the nebula
NOAO image of planetary nebula NGC 7048

NGC 7049 (= PGC 66549)
Discovered (Aug 4, 1826) by
James Dunlop
Also observed (Sep 30, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 10.6 lenticular galaxy (type SA0(s)?) in Indus (RA 21 19 00.3, Dec -48 33 44)
Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 7049 (= GC 4651 = JH 3860, Dunlop 406, 1860 RA 21 09 27, NPD 139 08.9) is "very bright, pretty small, extended, much brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 4.5 by 3.0? arcmin
DSS image of region near lenticular galaxy NGC 7049
Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 7049
Below, a 4.8 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy
DSS image of lenticular galaxy NGC 7049
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide HST image of the nucleus (Image Credit W. Harris (McMaster University), NASA/ESA)
HST image of core of lenticular galaxy NGC 7049
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide version of the HST image with different post-processing
HST image of core of lenticular galaxy NGC 7049
Below, a 4.8 arcmin wide composite image shows the relative position of the HST images
HST image of core of lenticular galaxy NGC 7049, superimposed on a wider DSS view
Celestial Atlas
(NGC 6950 - 6999) ←NGC Objects: NGC 7000 - 7049→ (NGC 7050 - 7099)