Based on a recessional velocity of 23985 km/sec, a straightforward calculation yields a distance for PGC 1 of about 1.05 billion light years. However, at that distance we need to take the expansion of the Universe into account, as during the billion-plus years it took the light by which we see the galaxy to reach us, the space between us and it has expanded by about 80 million light years. As a result, it was only about 975 million light years away when it emitted that light. Given that and its apparent size of 0.5 by 0.4 arcmins, PGC 1 is about 90 thousand light years across. As shown in the image below, the galaxy appears to be paired with SDSS J235958.29+004208.6, a 16th-magnitude galaxy (type ?) at RA 23 59 58.3, Dec +00 42 09. The latter galaxy has a recessional velocity of 22755 km/sec and and an apparent size of 0.4 by 0.3 arcmin. The difference in recessional velocity for the two galaxies corresponds to 55 million light years difference in distance, so they may not be a physical pair; but in comparison to any uncertainty in their distance, they are at essentially the same distance from us, so the apparently smaller galaxy is also physically smaller, at about 70 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 5015 km/sec, PGC 2 is about 225 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 2.1 by 1.8 arcmins, it is about 130 thousand light years across. PGC 2 is listed as a member of Local Galaxy Group 485, which also contains PGC 676 and IC 1525. IC 1525 is also listed as a member of WBL729, a group with an average recessional velocity of about 5020 km/sec which also includes PGC 18 and 73195; so all five galaxies may be physically related. PGC 2, 18 and 73195 and IC 1525 (which see for a wide-field view of the four galaxies) are less than 30 arcmin apart, and if at nearly the same distance from us, may be within a region less than two million light years across; but PGC 676 is quite a bit further away, being about 2 1/2 degrees east of the other group members.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8955 km/sec, PGC 3 is about 400 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.6 by 0.25 arcmins, it is about 70 thousand light years across. (Note: NED does not recognize PGC 3; search for MGC-03-01-012, instead.)

Based on a recessional velocity of 4460 km/sec, PGC 4 is about 200 million light years away, in good agreement with redshift-independent distance estimates of 180 to 215 million light years. Given that and its apparent size of 0.9 by 0.2 arcmins, it is about 50 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 6000 km/sec, PGC 6 is about 270 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.45 by 0.3 arcmins, it is about 35 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7395 km/sec, PGC 7 is about 330 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.5 by 0.5 arcmins, it is about 50 thousand light years across. Listed by I. D. Karachentsev as a member (with PGC 10) of pair KPG 600.

One of a group of three interacting galaxies comprised of PGC 8, 9 and 11 (which see for pictures of the group). Not listed by its PGC number in NED; use the designation ESO 012-IG 011 NED01. Based on its recessional velocity of 17000 km/sec, PGC 8 is about 760 million light years away; but taking into account the expansion of the Universe during its light's 3/4 billion year journey, it was about 40 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted. Given its distance and apparent size of 0.3 by 0.2 arcmin, PGC 8 is about 65 thousand light years across; but that does not take into account the extensions due to the gravitational interactions of the group members.

One of a group of three interacting galaxies comprised of PGC 8, 9 and 11 (which see for pictures of the group). Not listed by its PGC number in NED; use the designation ESO 012-IG 011 NED02. Based on its recessional velocity of 17590 km/sec, PGC 9 is about 785 million light years away; but taking into account the expansion of the Universe during its light's 3/4 billion year journey, it was about 40 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted. Given its distance and apparent size of 0.4 by 0.25 arcmin, PGC 9 is about 85 thousand light years across; but that does not take into account the extensions due to the gravitational interactions of the group members. (Note: A Wikisky search for PGC 9 does not work, due to an all too common truncation error; search for one of its companions, instead.)

Based on a recessional velocity of 7090 km/sec, PGC 10 is about 315 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.4 by 0.4 arcmins, it is about 40 thousand light years across. Listed by I. D. Karachentsev as a member (with PGC 7) of pair KPG 600.

One of a group of three interacting galaxies, comprised of PGC 8, 9, and 11. NED uses PGC 11 as the designation for the group, and PGC 11 itself is listed as ESO 012-IG 011 NED 03. Based on its recessional velocity of 17000 km/sec, PGC 11 is about 760 million light years away; but taking into account the expansion of the Universe during its light's 3/4 billion year journey, it was about 40 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted. Given its distance and apparent size of 0.45 by 0.25 arcmin, PGC 11 is about 95 thousand light years across; but that does not take into account the extensions due to the gravitational interactions of the group members.

Based on a recessional velocity of 6545 km/sec, PGC 12 is about 290 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.5 by 0.3 arcmins, it is about 125 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 5050 km/sec, PGC 13 is about 225 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.9 by 0.8 arcmins, it is about 60 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 11600 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 14 is about 520 million light years away; however, due to the expansion of the Universe during its light's half billion year journey, the galaxy was about 20 million light years closer at the time the light by which we see it was emitted. Given its distance and apparent size of 1.45 by 0.85 arcmins, the galaxy is about 200 thousand light years across. Cataloged as a narrow-line Seyfert galaxy (type NLSy1). Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use UGC 12890.

Based on a recessional velocity of 11290 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 15 is about 500 million light years away; however, due to the expansion of the Universe during its light's half billion year journey, the galaxy was about 20 million light years closer at the time the light by which we see it was emitted. Given its distance and apparent size of 0.65 by 0.65 arcmins, it is about 95 thousand light years across. Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use MCG-01-01-015.

Based on a recessional velocity of 5670 km/sec, PGC 16 is about 250 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.8 by 0.4 arcmins, it is about 60 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 8995 km/sec, PGC 17 is about 400 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.2 by 0.15 arcmins, it is about 20 thousand light years across. Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use UM 015.

Based on a recessional velocity of 5365 km/sec, PGC 18 is about 240 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.1 by 1.0 arcmins, it is about 75 thousand light years in diameter. The galaxy is listed as a member of WBL729, a group with an average recessional velocity of about 5020 km/sec which also includes IC 1525 and PGC 73195. IC 1525 is also listed as a member of Local Galaxy Group 485, which includes PGC 2 and 676; so all five galaxies may be physically related. PGC 2, 18 and 73195 and IC 1525 (which see for a wide-field view of the four galaxies) are less than 30 arcmin apart, and if at nearly the same distance from us, may be within a region less than two million light years across; but PGC 676 is quite a bit further away, being about 2 1/2 degrees east of the other group members. In the images below, the reddish cast below and bluish cast above is due to poor color correction of the DSS mosaic; it is not a real difference in color. Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use WBL729-003.

Considered a pair with PGC 22, as shown by their ESO and NED catalog entries; but almost nothing appears to be known about them, so they are more likely to be an optical double than in any way connected. PGC 19 has an apparent size of 0.4 by 0.2 arcmins; but nothing else is available. Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use ESO 050-IG 005 NED01.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7390 km/sec, PGC 20 is about 330 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.8 by 0.55 arcmins, it is about 75 thousand light years across.

The apparent size of PGC 21 is 0.3 by 0.2 arcmins; apparently nothing else is available: Note: An NED search for PGC 21 incorrectly shows PGC 1086746; to view the correct object, search for 2MASXJ00001695-0238213

Considered a pair with PGC 19 (which see for images), as shown by their ESO and NED catalog entries; but almost nothing appears to be known about them, so they are more likely to be an optical double than in any way connected. PGC 22 has an apparent size of 0.2 by 0.15 arcmins; but nothing else is available. Note: Not listed by PGC number in NED; for a search, use ESO 050-IG 005 NED02.

Based on a recessional velocity of 11365 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 23 is a little over 500 million light years away. However, at that distance we need to take the expansion of the Universe into account, as during the half billion years it took the light by which we see the galaxy to reach us, the space between us and it has expanded by about 20 million light years. As a result, it was only about 485 million light years away when it emitted that light. Given that and its apparent size of 1.4 by 0.8 arcmins, the galaxy is about 200 thousand light years in diameter.

Based on a recessional velocity of 11710 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 25 is about 525 million light years away. However, at that distance we need to take the expansion of the Universe into account, as during the half billion years it took the light by which we see the galaxy to reach us, the space between us and it has expanded by about 20 million light years. As a result, it was only a little over 500 million light years away when it emitted that light. Given that and its apparent size of 0.85 by 0.5 arcmin (including its distorted outer regions), it is about 125 thousand light years across. PGC 25 is part of an interacting pair with PGC 200388 (hence its use by Arp as an example of a multiple galaxy), and most searches for PGC 25 will show information about the pair instead of the individual galaxy. For a galaxy-specific NED search, use UGC 12891 NED01 for PGC 25, and UGC 12891 NED02 for PGC 200388.

(See PGC 25, above, for images.) Based on a recessional velocity of 11690 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 200388 is about 525 million light years away. However, at that distance we need to take the expansion of the Universe into account, as during the half billion years it took the light by which we see the galaxy to reach us, the space between us and it has expanded by about 20 million light years. As a result, it was only a little over 500 million light years away when it emitted that light. Given that and its apparent size of 0.25 by 0.2 arcmin, it is about 35 thousand light years across. PGC 200388 is part of an interacting pair with PGC 25 (hence its use by Arp as an example of a multiple galaxy), and most searches for PGC 200388 will fail, as it is usually treated as if part of PGC 25. For an NED search, use UGC 12891 NED02 instead of PGC 200388.

(See PGC 25, above, for images.) A faint (optical? physical?) companion to PGC 25 and 200388. Apparent size 0.25 by 0.2 arcmin; nothing else available

Based on its diffuse appearance, probably a relatively close irregular galaxy; but nothing seems to be available, save for its apparent size of 0.9 by 0.7 arcmins. Note: NED does not recognize the PGC entry; search using MCG-01-01-019.

Based on a recessional velocity of 11315 km/sec, PGC 27 is about 500 million light years away (although as noted for other galaxies with such large recessional velocities, the expansion of the Universe during its light's nearly half billion year journey means that it was about 20 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted). Given that and its apparent size of 0.7 by 0.3 arcmins, it is about 100 thousand light years across.

Apparent size 0.5 by 0.3 arcmins; nothing else available.

Based on a recessional velocity of 12700 km/sec, PGC 29 is about 570 million light years away (although as noted for other galaxies with such large recessional velocities, the expansion of the Universe during its light's more than half billion year journey means that it was about 25 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted). Given that and its apparent size of 0.6 by 0.5 arcmins, it is about 100 thousand light years across. Listed as a member of WBL732, a group of galaxies with an average recessional velocity of 8870 km/sec, along with PGC 77, 91 and IC 5376.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7905 km/sec, PGC 30 is about 350 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.5 by 1.3 arcmins, it is about 150 thousand light years across.

Based on a recessional velocity of 5990 km/sec, PGC 31 is about 270 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.0 by 0.6 arcmins, it is about 80 thousand light years across.

The apparent size of PGC 32 is 0.45 by 0.2 arcmins; apparently nothing else is available. However, it is listed in Leda, ESO and NED as a pair with PGC 34. There is no apparent connection between the two, so they may be merely an optical double; but if they are at comparable distances, PGC 32 is about 110 thousand light years across. Note: Not listed in NED by PGC number; so search using ESO 193-IG 007 NED01 (the NED01 referring to its presumed status as a pair member). For images, see its supposed companion, PGC 34.

Based on a recessional velocity of 20220 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 34 is about 900 million light years away (although as noted for other galaxies with such large recessional velocities, the expansion of the Universe during its light's nearly billion year journey means that it was about 55 million light years closer when the light by which we see it was emitted). Given that and its apparent size of 0.5 by 0.35 arcmins, it is about 125 thousand light years across. PGC 34 is listed in Leda, ESO and NED as a pair with PGC 32; however, there is no apparent connection between the two, so they may be merely an optical double. Note: Not listed in NED by PGC number; so search using ESO 193-IG 007 NED02 (the NED02 referring to its presumed status as a pair member).

Based on a recessional velocity of 335 km/sec, PGC 35 is about 15 million light years away. For such a small recessional velocity, the peculiar (non-Hubble-expansion velocity) velocity may significantly affect the accuracy of the distance estimate; but since there don't seem to be any redshift-independent distance estimates, that problem has to be ignored. Assuming the distance is more or less correct, the apparent size of 0.9 by 0.9 arcmins suggests that the galaxy is only 4 thousand light years across, hence its classification as a dwarf.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7755 km/sec, PGC 37 is about 345 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 0.55 by 0.4 arcmins, it is about 55 thousand light years across. PGC 37 and 47 are less than 2 arcmin apart, and have nearly the same recessional velocity, so they may be a physical pair; but there is no mention of that possibility in the standard databases, despite the fact that PGC 47 has a complex central structure and faint extended arms (particularly to the north) which are suggestive of a gravitational interaction.

Based on a recessional velocity of 1095 km/sec, PGC 38 is about 50 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.7 by 1.7 arcmins, it is about 25 thousand light years across. PGC 38 is listed as a member of the NGC 7814 Group, which also contains NGC 14, PGC 332 and 889.

Based on recessional velocity of 7275 km/sec, about 320 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 0.7 by 0.45 arcmins, about 65 thousand light years in diameter.

Based on recessional velocity of 22115 km/sec, about 985 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 0.45 by 0.3 arcmins, about 130 thousand light years in diameter. Probably gravitationally bound to PGC 46. The closeup below shows the two galaxies.

Based on recessional velocity of 8860 km/sec, about 400 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 0.45 by 0.25 arcmins, about 50 thousand light years in diameter.

Based on recessional velocity of 3170 km/sec, about 140 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 1.6 by 0.35 arcmins, about 65 thousand light years in diameter.

Listed in NED as ESO 193-IG 008 NED02. The northeastern galaxy of a pair, with PGC 45. Based on a recessional velocity of 8600 km/sec, about 380 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 0.4 by 0.4 arcmins, about 45 thousand light years in diameter. However, there is a second recessional velocity measurement of 20,200 km/sec (!), which would imply a distance of about 900 million light years, so the distance and size are very uncertain.

Listed in NED as ESO 193-IG NED01. The southwestern galaxy of a pair, with PGC 44. Based on a recessional velocity of 8600 km/sec, about 380 million light years away. Given that and an apparent size of 1.0 by 0.5 arcmins, about 110 thousand light years in diameter (but see PGC 44 for a note about a second velocity and distance estimate, which would yield a very different size, as well). See PGC 44 for images of the pair of galaxies.

Based on recessional velocity of 21960 km/sec, about 980 million light years away. Given that and apparent size of 0.4 by 0.25 arcmins, about 115 thousand light years in diameter. Probably gravitationally bound to PGC 41, which see for images of PGC 46.

Based on a recessional velocity of 7655 km/sec, PGC 47 is about 340 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.0 by 0.9 arcmins, it is about 100 thousand light years across. PGC 47 and 37 (which see for images of the "pair") are less than 2 arcmin apart, and have nearly the same recessional velocity, so they may be a physical pair; but there is no mention of that possibility in the standard databases, despite the fact that PGC 47 has a complex central structure and faint extended arms (particularly to the north) which are suggestive of a gravitational interaction.

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Background Radiation of 10700 km/sec (and H₀ = 70 km/sec/Mpc), a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 62 is about 495 to 500 million light-years away. However, for objects at such distances we should take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took their light to reach us. Doing that shows that the galaxy was about 475 to 480 million light-years away at the time the light by which we see it was emitted, about 485 to 490 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the intervening space during the light-travel time). Given that and its apparent size of about ? arcmin (from the images below), the galaxy is about ? thousand light-years across. *The previous sentence cannot be finished until I have posted better images (presuming any are available), but the apparent size is roughly an arcmin, so the physical size is probably around 140 thousand light-years.*
Note About Classification: The "edge-on" presentation of the galaxy makes it difficult to determine its type. LEDA lists this as an Sbc galaxy, while NED lists it as Sb; given that difference I have underlined the "b", indicating that that might be a more accurate classification.

There have been several data entry errors for whatever this object is supposed to be, as LEDA identifies this as Kazarian 580, which is variously identified as also being Kazarian 555 (= PGC 71243) and Kazarian 383 (= PGC 39491 = PGC 1689922), and all three Kazarian entries appear to be the same object in Coma Berenices, at RA 12 18 04.5, Dec +23 34 59, even though the three sets of PGC entries have coordinates scattered across the sky. In any event, there is absolutely nothing at the location given for PGC 72, so regardless of what it is supposed to be, it is actually nonexistent.

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Background Radiation of 18475 km/sec (and H₀ = 70 km/sec/Mpc), a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 175 is about 860 million light-years away. However, for objects at such distances we should take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took their light to reach us. Doing that shows that the galaxy was about 800 million light-years away at the time the light by which we see it was emitted, about 825 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the intervening space during the light-travel time). Given that and its apparent size of about ? arcmin (from the images below), the galaxy is about ? thousand light-years across.
NED Sdm?

Note About Classification: The type is taken from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies. The S/I means that the galaxy is so poorly structured (as indicated by the "m") that it is difficult to tell whether it is a "late-type" spiral or an irregular galaxy.

Based on a recessional velocity of 680 km/sec, PGC 332 is about 30 million light years away (though with such a small recessional velocity, its random motion relative to its neighbors could make that a poor estimate). Given that and its apparent size of 1.15 by 0.85 arcmin (from the images below), it is only about 10 thousand light years across, so it is a "dwarf" galaxy. PGC 332 is listed as a member of the NGC 7814 Group, which also contains NGC 14, PGC 38 and 889.

The galaxy is listed as a member of a pair with 9 arcmin distant NGC 7824; if at the same distance from us, the two are about 750 thousand light years apart.

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Background Radiation of 10185 km/sec (and H₀ = 70 km/sec/Mpc), a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 382 is about 475 million light-years away, in good agreement with redshift-independent distance estimates of about 340 to 530 million light-years. However, for objects at such distances we should take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took their light to reach us. Doing that shows that the galaxy was about 455 million light-years away at the time the light by which we see it was emitted, about 460 to 465 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the intervening space during the light-travel time). Given that and its apparent size of about of about 1.45 by 1.0 arcmin for the central galaxy, and about 2.45 by 1.7 arcmin for the extended arms and scattered outer regions (from the images below), the central galaxy is about 190 to 195 thousand light-years across, and its outer regions span about 325 thousand light-years. Among other things, the galaxy is unusual in having three major spiral arms, even though the third one (on the western side) is of abbreviated length compared to the very extensive other arms. The HST image is one of the first images taken after the Hubble Space Telescope, which had been offline for more than a month in early 2021 because of a defective memory chip, was finally induced to start working again.
 This galaxy is among those in the Arp-Madore Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies & Associations, but although listed as a member of Category 8: Galaxies with Apparent Companions in an ASCII file with the note "Spiral with Apparent Companions", there is nothing else in the Catalogue about it, and it does not appear in a supposedly complete list of objects in the Catalogue.

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation of 1275 km/sec (and H₀ = 70 km/sec/Mpc), PGC 474 is about 60 million light-years away, in good agreement with redshift-independent distance estimates of about 60 to 100 million light-years (though if, as noted below, its apparent neighbor is a physical companion, the actual distance of the pair is more like 55 to 60 million light-years). Given that and its apparent size of about ? arcmin (from the images below), PGC 474 is about ? thousand light-years across. *Until a closeup image is posted, the apparent size won't be available, so neither will the probable physical size*
Apparent Companion: The small galaxy to the southeast of PGC 474 (PGC 482) has a similar recessional velocity to its larger neighbor, and may well be a physical companion (and perhaps the cause of its unusual appearance); so see its entry, as well.
Note About Classification: The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies lists this as type S spw pec. "spw" means that the galaxy is a "warped spindle", or an "edge-on" galaxy with a warped disk. Between being edge-on and having a very strange structure, the Spitzer Survey team could not determine anything about the classification, except that it is a spiral galaxy. However, HyperLEDA lists it as type SBc, and NED as type SB(s)cd pec edge-on, both of which are consistent with the Spitzer classification, so the NED "type" is the one shown in the description line (other than "edge-on", which is obvious from its images); but I did add a question mark to reflect the poor quality of the images available.

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation of 1190 km/sec (and H₀ = 70 km/sec/Mpc), PGC 482 is about 55 million light-years away; but given the fact that "peculiar velocities" (random motions of galaxies relative to their neighbors) are often in excess of 100 km/sec, and the recessional velocity of PGC 482 is only 85 km/sec less than that of PGC 474, there is a very good chance that they are a physical pair, with a distance of about 55 to 60 million light-years. Given that and its apparent size of about ? arcmin (from the images below), the galaxy is about ? thousand light-years across. *Actual apparent and physical sizes will have to wait for closeup and/or better images, but PGC 482 is certainly much smaller than PGC 474, whether they are companions or not*
Classification Note: Obviously, given the poor quality of the image shown here, it is difficult to deterine what kind of galaxy PGC 482 is. NED lists it as S?, and LEDA as Sab. Since early-type spirals (that is, lower letter designations) tend to have larger nuclear bulges, and there is no sign of a nuclear bulge in the image below, I find "Sab" hard to believe; and in fact all the references cited by LEDA list this as somewhere between Sb and Scd, with an "average" of Sbc, which I have used in the description line with a question mark to reflect all the uncertainties involved.